HIV and AIDS in humans

The terms HIV and AIDS in humans is considered as death when mentioned to many because they don’t understand it clearly. AIDS means Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome while HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus which is the late stages of the AIDS infection. The HIV is referred to as retrovirus and there are two major kinds in the world. There is the HIV-1, this occurs from the cause of AIDS in eastern Africa.  More articles are in Business Training in Kenya .Then there is the HIV-2 which is the major cause of AIDS west in Africa. The causes that lead to the infection with the HIV and AIDS in humans are either due to behavioral, psychological or the physical factors. The main cause that is known to cause HIV and AIDS is behavioral. The changing times lead to change in the way of life thus change in behavioral change. The HIV-1 that is experienced in the eastern Africa is said to be caused by two main causes the psychical and behavioral changes although other causes are considered. In the western Africa all the factors are considered as the cause of the HIV-2.
As the term AIDS describe it HIV and AIDS in human is the deficiency of the ability of the immune system of the human to protect it. This immune deficiency is caused by the loss of the CD4+ T cells that are essential for the functioning of the immune system. In other terms when the CDA+ T cells are less in the body then the human body is prone to an illness and infections. The Immune System in Understanding HIV and AIDS in Human The immune system is composed of many interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from bacterial, parasitic, fungal, viral infections and from the growth of tumor cells. Many of these cell types have specialized functions they can engulf bacteria, kill parasites or tumor cells, or kill viral-infected cells. Often, these cells depend on the T helper subset for activation signals in the form of secretions formally known as cytokines, lymphokines (or interleukins). In understanding HIV and AIDS in humansthe immune system other than the CD4+ T cells, it contains other kind of specialized cells in protecting the human body. One of the specialized cells that are also part of the immune system is the natural killer cells. In understanding HIV and AIDS the natural killer cell in the immune system are similar to the killer T cell subset, which is a CD8+ T cell. The reason they are referred to as killer cells is due to how the act in protecting the body from infection. They function as effectors cells that directly kill certain tumor such as melanomas lymphomas and viral infected cells. Then there are the B cells in the immune system in understanding HIV and AIDS in humans. The B cells are produced in the bone marrow. The B cells act by producing antibodies in response to foreign protein of bacteria, viruses and tumor cells. When the antigens are detected in the body bloodstream they transported to the spleen where the B cells are found, they become activated and produce large amount of antibody. The immune system also in understanding HIV and AIDS in human has the granulocyte in simple terms known as the white blood cells. These cells are predominantly important in removal of bacteria and parasites from the body. The granulocytes, which are produced in the bone marrow, are able to provide immunity by engulfing these foreign bodies and degrade them using their powerful enzymes. Also in the immune system are the macrophages, produced in the bone marrow. In understanding HIV and AIDS in humans the macrophages are important in the regulation of immune response. They are often referred to as antigen presenting cells (APC). This is because they pick up and ingest foreign material and then present these antigens to other cells of the immune system such as T cells and B cells that destroy them. Then there are the dendritic cells which are also produced in the bone marrow. They also function as the macrophages, antigen presenting cells, they engulf they antigens ingest them and then present them to the cells that destroy them. In fact the dendritic cells are more efficient antigen presenting cells than the macrophages in the immune system in understanding HIV and AIDS in humans. Further in understanding HIV and AIDS in human the immune system can respond to antigen in many different ways. These fall into two major categories:

• Antibody mediated immunity. Antibodies, dissolved in blood, lymph, and other body fluids bind the antigen and trigger a response to it. The form of immunity is also called humoral immunity.
• Cell mediated immunity (CMI). T cells and the lymphocytes bind to the surface of other cells that display the antigen and trigger a response. The response may involve other lymphocytes and any of the other white blood cells.

Other Factor in HIV and AIDS in Humans There are other factors that are associated with HIV and AIDS in human. One, are the sexually transmitted diseases, commonly known as STDs. The sexually transmitted diseases are known to affect the involved sex partners even the fetus and newborn infants. The sexually transmitted diseases are grouped into three categories. Category one are the sexually transmitted diseases that produce inflammation of the urethra, epididymis, cervix or oviduct. These diseases in this category are Gonorrhea and Chlamydia. As other factors in HIV and AIDS in human both diseases can be treated and cured with antibiotics once diagnosed. These diseases are common in the developing countries. Also in the sexually transmitted diseases as factors in HIV and AIDS in human, there is the second category and this category includes those that produce sores on the external genitals. Genital herpes is the most common disease in this class and it is known to be affecting more than 25 million individual in the developed countries. The symptoms of herpes can be treated by antiviral drugs, but the infection cannot be cured. Syphilis is a bacterially caused infection, and can, if left untreated, cause serious symptoms and death. However, the disease is curable with antibiotics. The other category in sexually transmitted diseases that are known to factor in HIV and AIDS in humans, include the viral diseases. This class of sexually transmitted diseases affects the organ systems other than those of the reproductive system. AIDS and Hepatitis B are categorized in this group. Both can be spread by sexual contact or blood transfusion, also from mother to child during child birth. Infectious individual may appear symptom free for a period of long time after infection, but as the diseases continue to manifest its self the individual become weaker and weaker then death follow. Ways to Cope with HIV and AIDS in Human Unlike microbial scourges, such as malaria, flu and tuberculosis among many others, for which there is very little that people can do to prevent infection, HIV and AIDS infection in adults is entirely preventable by behavior modification and taking measurable preventive measures. In coping with the so called deadly disease the HIV and AIDS is totally preventable using the introduced method of protection ABC. This is the Abstinence Being faithful to each other as partners and using of Contraceptives such as condom for prevention.

The Transfer of Property or Goods

Transfer of Property or Goods is very crucial especially at the precise moment at which the property or goods passes from the seller to the buyer. Rules regarding transfer of property may be considered from two dimensions. these are the Transfer of Property or Goods that are specific or certain and Transfer of Property or Goods that are uncertain Business Training in Kenya has more articles.
The Transfer of Property or Goods is very crucial especially the precise moment at which property or goods passes from the seller to the buyer. Rules regarding the transfer of property or goods may be considered from two dimensions.
Specific or certain
· Ascertain.

Specific or Certain Transfer of Property or Goods
Transfer of Property or Goods that are specific or certain is when the parties to the contract determine when property is transferred be it at the time of making the contract or at delivery. In the absence of such express terms the following rules will apply.
· When properties are in a deliverable state the transfer of property or goods is transferred at the time of contracting regardless of when the price is to be paid or delivery is to be made.
· When the goods have to be put in a deliverable state in which case the buyer must be notified when the goods are in that state.
· When goods have to be measured at a certain price in which case the buyer must be notified once the goods have been ascertained.
When the goods are delivered, upon approval the property is passed when either the buyer signifies his approval or acceptance or he retains the goods without giving notice of rejection beyond a time fixed for the return of goods.

Transfer of Property or Goods that are Uncertain
Transfer of Property or Goods that are uncertain will only take place after ascertainment of or after the goods have been put in a deliverable state.
· It is also uncertain when an unauthorized sale has been made by a non mercantile agent. As a rule a mercantile agent having authority to sell goods conveys a good title to the buyer.
· It is also uncertain when there is transfer of title by estopell. This principle of estopell holds that it is unfair and unjust to allow a party to depart from a particular state of affairs which he has led another person to believe to be true
· It is also uncertain when there is a sale by a person in possession under a voidable contract. If the goods are sold before the contract is rescinded the buyer obtains the title as long as he is acting in good faith and has no prior knowledge of the defect in title.
· Sale by seller after sale. The seller has sold the goods again after selling it. As long as there is no knowledge of previous sale then the buyer will obtain a good title.
· The sale by a buyer in possession after agreement to buy is also termed as uncertain. This is as long as it's done in good faith and there is no prior knowledge of lien. The buyer then obtains good title.
· It is also uncertain when there is a resale by an unpaid seller. If he has waited for a reasonable time then the seller can sell to another person
Conclusion on Transfer of Property or Goods
Transfer of Property or Goods is very crucial. One should be able to understand the difference between Transfer of Property or Goods that are specific or certain and Transfer of Property or Goods that are uncertain.

There are ten points to check while analyzing whether an advertisement was successful or not. The ten steps are as analyzed below. Business Training in Kenya has more articles on the topic.

The Ten Steps to  successful Recruitment Advertisement

· The first step to take in analyzing whether this advertisement is successful is getting the opinion and afterwards analyzing the perception of the employees and potential audience.
· The second step to take in analyzing the success of the advertisement is getting the views of the employee manager. When he or she is positive about the recruitment then it shows that it is a good step.
· Thirdly, have a unique selling proposition when advertising for the job. Example is that the position will attract the following benefits e.g. medical cover, car and housing. This will definitely attract more candidates for the company to choose from.
· The fourth step in advertising is that there should be careful presentation of information about the job to avoid misleading interested candidates. This will enhance a smooth understanding between the company and the candidate.
· Another step is to ensure that core information is included in the advertisement i.e. experience of the potential job holder and qualifications which are mostly academic. This aids the process of advertising.
· Another step in advertisement is to project realistic picture of the job to avoid confusion by the candidates who apply for the job.
· An additional step to be taken when analyzing advertisement is that it should stimulate the development of an employer brand i.e. the organization positive aspects.
· One of the steps to analyze Recruitment Advertisement is that any company should also consider the cost of the advertisement to enable them to find one media that suits the budget of the company.
· Another step to take is that any company seeking for Recruitment Advertisement should select an agency that fits its organization culture, goals and values
· It should never discriminate in terms of gender or religion. It should never be gender biased. This is a step that should never be skipped.
One should also monitor the effectiveness of the advertisement. An example is how many applicants have applied for the job or when the company attracts an employee from another company or when you attract people from other diversities.
Recruitment Advertisement is very efficient when implemented well and can lead to improvement of an organizations workforce. The above ten points give an overview of Recruitment Advertising
The above summarizes all the steps in an advertisement.

The First Generation of Computers

 According to the history of computer in the Generation of Computers, the first computer was build and designed by the English mathematical professor Charles Babbage during the year 1792 to 1871. The Babbage machine used a language that was purely mechanical and analytical engine. In fact, among the many computer machine developed it was one of the computers that had no operating system, which is it had to be managed manually. The discovery of the Babbage machine led to the development of less complex and easier machine during the generation of computers. Engineering in Kenya has more information.

The First  Generation of Computers

The first generation of computers, which was emerged during 1945 and 1955, used vacuum tubes and plug boards. During at around 1940s Howard Aiken at Harvard university, John Von Nerman of the institute of advanced study in Princeton, J Presper Eccert and Milliam Mancotey at the university of Pennsylvania and Konrad Zurse in Germany are the among those who succeeded in building calculating engines as the generation of computers developed. The first one used mechanical relays but was slow with cycles times measured in seconds; all programming was done in absolute machine language used by wiring up plug boards to the machine language basic function during the Generation of Computers.

Programming languages were unknown during the Generation of Computers; virtually all the problems were straight forward numerical calculating grounding out tables of sine’s, cosine and tangents. By early 1950’s punched card debuted and the routine of operating with computers improved. It was now possible during this generation of computers to write programs on cards and read them instead of plug board.

The second generation of computers, in the mid 1950’s, led to the introduction of the transistors that changed the computers radically. Computers became more reliable enough that they could be manufactured and be sold to buying customers who were mainly large corporations and universities. For the first time during the generation of computer there was separation between the designer, builders, operators, programmers and maintenance personnel. These types of computer which were mainly the mainframe type processed their jobs in batch system; this is whereby a collection of tray full of jobs and then processing them all at once. The computer that used to process batch jobs in this Generation of Computers were IBM 1401 and IBM 7094

The Third  Generation of Computers

By 1960’s most computer manufacturers had two distinct and totally incompatible products lines during the early generation of computers. The IBM Company attempted to solve this by introducing a system which was a server of software compatible machines that were large in size and more powerful than the earlier productions. This machine only differed on in price depending on performance of the computer accessories, maximum memory processor speed, number of input and output devices permitted. Since all machines in the generation of computers had the same architecture and instruction set programs written for one machine could run on all others at least in theory.

Furthermore during this Generation of Computers, the model, IBM 360 was designed to handle both scientific that is numerical and commercial computing. On subsequent years IBM came out with compatible successors to the 360 lines using more modern and sophisticated technology known as the 370, 4300, 3080 and 3090 series that were the first Generation of Computers to use small scale integrated circuits. Multiprogramming techniques emerged also during this generation of computer whereby it was done through memory partitioning; also the computers were able to read from card onto disk as soon as they were brought to the computer room. Spooling, from simultaneous peripheral operating online, whereby  whenever the operating system finished running one job it take the next one online also emerged during the third generation of computers.

During also the third generation of computers the first serious time sharing system (Compatible Time Sharing System CTSS) was developed in MIT. After the success of the compatible time sharing system in MIT, Bell labs and General Electric decided to embark on the development of a “computer utility” named (MULTICS) Multiplexed Information and Computer Service envisioned as a large type of mainframe computer. Mini computers also emerged in the mid of this Generation of Computers this were the DEC and PDP-1. The Bell labs used thePDP-7 minicomputer to write down a stripped version of Multiplexed Information and Computer Service for a single use which later developed into the UNIX operating system, which became very popular in academic world, government agencies and among many private companies during the third generation of computers.

The Latest Generation of Computers

This is the latest generation of computers is  the fourth Generation of Computers and it is this age that of personal computer downed with the development of very large scale integration circuit chips containing thousands of transistors on a square centimeter of silicon. In terms of architecture personal computer (initially called microcomputer) were not all that different from minicomputers of the PDP-11 class.

The first microcomputer with a built in disk using 8080 processor was built in 1971 during the fourth Generation of Computers with the operating system written by Killdall and his friends called control program for microcomputer. In 1980’s during the development of fourth generation of computers, IBM personal computer debuted with a different type of operating system the disk operating system (DOS) written by William Itnery.

Gates Company, Microsoft was founded also during this same Generation of Computers. Gates later leaved T Peterson to revise the original disk operating system initially acquired from Seattle computer product and the revised edition was renamed Microsoft disk operating system which came to dominate the IBM personal computer catapulting Microsoft to fame. Research in the 1960’s by Doug Engelbalt at Stanford Research Institute led to discovery of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) complete with windows. The first graphical user interface based computer was developed by Steve Jobs who after visiting Xerox realized the potential of graphical user interface. The success of Apple Macintosh, Microsoft produced graphical user interface based operating system named windows which originally run on top of Microsoft disk operating system which is the biggest achievement made during all the Generation of Computers.